Immunology and the Immune System Practice Test

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• Which cells mediate adaptive immunity?
• Which component contains hydrolytic enzymes used to kill microbes after phagosome-lysosome fusion?
• Which statement about lymph nodes is true?
• Which statement best describes the lag phase in the secondary response compared with the primary?
• Where are mast cells commonly found?
• What is immunological memory?
• What is opsonization?
• Are epitopes the entire antigen?
• What does PALS stand for?
• Which process explains how memory B cells produce higher affinity antibodies upon re-exposure?
• What is the main role of neutrophils?
• What are naïve lymphocytes?
• What are the four major classes of pathogens that cause human disease?
• About how long is the lag before benefits of a primary adaptive immune response are realized?
• About how long do monocytes circulate in the blood?
• Where are monocytes found and what do they become in tissues?
• Which cells use MHC class II?
• Which is the primary effect of macrophage signaling receptors during inflammation?
• What are effector mechanisms?
• What percentage of blood lymphocytes are natural killer (NK) cells?
• What is a phagosome?
• Which combination is classically recognized as the four major classes of pathogens?
• What do follicular dendritic cells do?
• What happens when mast cells degranulate?
• In an adaptive immune deficiency, what happens?
• Which cells secrete cytokines that limit viral replication and support T-cell immunity?
• Which is a hallmark of the secondary humoral response?
• Which cells are considered major lymphoid cells?
• Which MHC molecule is highly expressed by most dendritic cells?
• What is a phagolysosome?
• Which statement correctly contrasts active and passive immunity?
• Where does hematopoiesis occur mainly in adults?
• What is the immunological basis of vaccination?
• Why does hematopoiesis remain active throughout life?
• In a lymph node, what happens to activated vs non-activated lymphocytes?
• What does MHC stand for?
• Which statement best describes the fate of activated lymphocytes within a lymph node?
• Immunity is defined as
• What is mucus?
• What is pus?
• Which region of a lymph node is rich in B cells?
• Why do lymph nodes become swollen during an immune response?
• What is clonal selection?
• Memory cells persist after an immune response to enable faster future responses.
• Through which vessels do pathogens enter draining lymph nodes?
• Which immune cell type is primarily involved in coordinating the immune response through cytokine signaling?
• Which term best defines mucosal surfaces?
• What is antibody opsonization?
• What do basophils release during allergic reactions?
• Which statement about secondary lymphoid organs is true?
• What is a pathogen?
• Who is credited with the origins of immunology?
• How does a secondary immune response compare with a primary response?
• What are the three granulocytes?
• What is the primary function of CD8 cytotoxic T cells?
• Which statement about vaccination is true?
• Which of the following is a granulocyte?
• The innate immune response is best described as:
• Where are B cells concentrated in a lymph node?
• Which antibacterial enzyme is abundant in tears and saliva?
• What are the major stages of phagocytosis?
• Which cell type is a professional antigen-presenting cell?
• Which antibody is typically predominant during the secondary response?
• What is a typical fate of lymphocytes that become activated in a lymph node?
• Which statement is true about monocytes?
• Which molecules present peptide antigens to T cells?
• Why is the first infection with a pathogen often the most dangerous?
• What are antibodies/immunoglobulins?
• Which two cell types are primarily responsible for adaptive immunity due to antigen-specific receptors?
• What cells are the origin of blood cell lineages?
• What is a leukocyte?
• Where are T and B cells located in splenic white pulp?
• Where are T cells concentrated in a lymph node?
• What are M cells in GALT?
• Which process coats microbes with molecules to enhance phagocytosis?
• What is antibody neutralization?
• What happens after skin and mucosal barriers are breached?
• Dendritic cells link innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing microbial antigens with what kind of receptors?
• Which event describes the proliferation of the selected antigen-specific lymphocyte?
• Where do T cells mature?
• Memory in adaptive immunity refers to which concept?
• Which tissue defends mucosal surfaces including digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts?
• What is clonal expansion?
• In which location are lymphocytes activated?
• The antibacterial enzyme lysozyme is abundant in which secretions?
• What is the approximate proportion of lymphocytes among leukocytes?
• Why can antibiotics disrupt normal flora?
• Which lymphocytes are part of innate immunity?
• What is the main product of B cells?
• What changes occur when a monocyte differentiates into a macrophage?
• Can B cells recognize antigen without presentation by another cell?
• Basophils are most closely associated with which immune response?
• What is complement?
• Monocytes circulate in blood and differentiate into macrophages in tissues. Which statement best describes this process?
• The innate immune response includes two broad parts: recognition and what?
• How fast does innate immunity act compared with adaptive immunity?
• What is the immune system?
• Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about eight hours before differentiating into macrophages in tissues. In which location does this differentiation primarily occur?
• In the secondary immune response, the antibody isotype most commonly produced is:
• Which groups are listed as helper/regulatory T-cell groups?
• What are the two broad parts of the innate immune response?
• Which splenic region is the site where blood-borne pathogens encounter lymphocytes?
• Which statement best describes the effect of vaccination on future exposures?
• How can complement directly destroy a pathogen?
• What is an epitope?
• How can immunity be acquired without natural infection?
• Which cells can use MHC class I?
• Can T cells recognize free antigen directly?
• The cytoplasmic fragments that become platelets originate from which cell type?
• What is the function of white pulp in the spleen?
• Where do B cells mature?
• What are the secondary lymphoid organs/tissues?
• What is the primary immune function of eosinophils?
• Which statement best describes helper T cells?
• Which cells are considered part of the adaptive immune system?
• What is BALT stands for?
• M cells in GALT are specialized cells that deliver what across mucosa to lymphoid tissue?
• What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do?
• What are macrophage-like cells in the brain called?
• What is a megakaryocyte?
• What is a key function of lymph nodes?
• MHC class II presents peptides to which T cell type?
• What is an antigen?
• Which statement best describes the adaptive immune response?
• Are both monocytes and macrophages phagocytic?
• What are the primary lymphoid organs?
• How do dendritic cells link innate and adaptive immunity?
• What are the two major arms of immunity?
• What are mucosal surfaces?
• What is a commensal microorganism?
• Which event leads to the generation of antigen-specific lymphocytes?
• Which statement about primary lymphoid organs is true?
• Which region houses T cells in a lymph node?
• What does it mean to be immune to a disease?
• In an innate immune deficiency, what happens?
• The part of the innate immune response that identifies pathogens and triggers response is called:
• How can macrophage signaling receptors promote inflammation?
• What is inflammation?
• How many receptor specificities does one T cell or B cell have?
• Epithelium is best described as which of the following?
• Which mediator released by mast cells contributes to allergic symptoms?
• Which description best defines mononuclear phagocytes?
• Which statement best describes opportunistic pathogens?
• Which leukocyte is most abundant in blood?
• What is the innate immune response?
• What is immunology?
• What structures are included in GALT?
• What is the main function of dendritic cells?
• During a primary exposure in terms of isotype switching?
• Which statement best describes immunization strategy?
• What can lymphoblasts differentiate into?
• What immune role do erythrocytes have?
• What is an opportunistic pathogen?
• Which cell serves as a key antigen-presenting cell to naive T cells initiating adaptive immunity?
• What major feature distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
• Which cells attack large parasites by binding antibody-coated parasites and degranulating onto the parasite surface?
• What are antimicrobial peptides?
• Which of the following describes the major functions of natural killer cells?
• Which structure is not part of GALT?
• What did Jenner discover in 1796?
• What is the approximate proportion of neutrophils among leukocytes?
• Which of the following are antimicrobial peptides?
• Which vesicle forms after a phagosome fuses with lysosomes?
• How do innate and adaptive immunity communicate?
• MHC class I presents peptides to which T cell type?
• Which cells are primarily responsible for rapid response upon re-exposure?
• What happens in primary lymphoid organs?
• How do eosinophils attack large parasites?
• Which lymphocytes are adaptive immune cells?
• What are cytokines?
• What is hematopoiesis?
• Which cells secrete antibodies?
• What is epithelium?
• What is edema?
• Which statement best describes plasma B cells?
• Why is the primary adaptive response slower than the secondary?
• Which statement about mucus composition is correct?
• What happens to antigen-specific lymphocytes during adaptive immunity?
• What is the first line of external defense against infection?
• What are Kupffer cells?
• Which event best explains why secondary responses are more effective?
• What is a major function of secondary lymphoid organs?
• Defensins are best described as:
• Which statement about lymphoblasts is true?
• What does pyogenic mean?
• What best describes the complement system?
• What is immunity?
• What hormone regulates platelet production?
• What is vaccination?
• Which statement about memory in adaptive immunity is true?
• What are lymphoblasts?
• What is the function of the red pulp in the spleen?
• What do plasma B cells do?
• What does MHC class I present?
• What is lymph?
• What are the major lymphoid cells?
• Which cells are primarily responsible for clearing circulating microbes in the liver?
• Which immune cells are primarily responsible for early bacterial killing through phagocytosis and release of antimicrobial enzymes?
• A booster vaccination primarily to re-stimulate memory B and T cells serves to:
• What is the basis of immunization/vaccination?
• In splenic white pulp, which statement is accurate?
• MALT stands for mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue that defends which mucosae?
• Memory lymphocytes persist after infection to enable faster responses upon re-exposure. Which option best describes this statement?
• What is the role of CD4 helper T cells?
• What does MHC class II present?
• What is a secondary immune response?
• What do helper T cells do?
• Passive immunity is best described as:
• What are mononuclear phagocytes?
• What is a primary immune response?